Monday, January 20, 2020
Charles Manson Essay -- essays research papers
Charles Manson      Charles Manson has been named "the most dangerous man alive." Society referred to him as the devil. They believed he was the reason society was so bad in the 1960's. The 1950's to the 1960's was uncontrollably filled with violence. Our culture was shattered by the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. At the same time, body bags from Vietnam were building up from a war that was tearing our nation apart. Riots and antiwar protesters marched across America. Many people worried that the US was getting out of control. "The Sixties ended abruptly on August 9, 1969..." wrote Didon in The White Album. On August 8,1969, director Roman Polaski's housekeeper found five bodies, slashed and bloody. Manson was the metaphor of evil! To many, Charles Manson symbolized the end of civilized society and the dawn of a new age of terror. (Lagarde)      On November 12, 1934, Charles Milles Manson was brought into this world by Kathleen Maddox and Colonal Scott. At the time Kathleen was a 16 year old troublemaker. Charlie never knew his father and never really had a "father figure." His mother was the kind that children are taken away from and put in foster homes. Kathleen had the habit of disappearing for days and weeks at a time, leaving Charlie with his grandmother or aunt. Kathleen Maddox was sentenced to a penitentiary for armed robbery, Charlie was sent to live with his aunt and uncle; who were going to try to straighten him out. When Kathleen was released from jail she didn't want Charlie as her responsibility, preferring her life of drinking. At this point in time she was willing to trade Charlie for a glass of beer. Charlie was adapted to a life of violence and loneliness. He kept to himself and didn't have any friends. Charlie was an observer, he never got involved or talked to people. Soon Charlie was f ollowing in his mother's foot steps. He began stealing and causing trouble. By age nine he was sent to a reform school. In less than a year he ran away from his school. He tried to run to his mother but she wanted nothing to do with him. Charlie was in and out of reform schools, jails, and institutions. By 1958, Charles Manson was released on parole only to cause more chaos. (Newsweek,55)      On the streets Manson chose pimping as his career. In 1959 he was arrested once again on two ... ...d impersonated all of Charles actions. To many, Charles Manson symbolized the end of civilized society and the dawn of a new age of terror. Book of Revelations.Online Available http://www.umkc.com,1 May.2000.                    Buglioso, Vincent. Helter Skelter. New York: Bantam Books,1974.                         Charles Manson.Online Available http://www.crimelibrary.com, 1 May.2000.               Filmer, Deborah K. Forensic Science and Charles Manson Murders. Online Available http://www.concentric.net, 2 May. 2000                                             Galanter, Marc. Cults:Faith, Healing,and Coercion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.     "In '69: Manson". Newsweeks. 3 July. 1989: 54-55.                                   Lagarde, Deborah. The Manson Murders, 30 Years Later. Online Available  http://omegaserve.com, 30 April.2000                                   Porterfield, Kay Marie. Straight Talk About Cults. New York: Facts on File,1995.               Sanders, Ed. The Family. New York: Avon, 1971.                                   Singer, Margaret.Cults and Our Midst. SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1995.              Â
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Debate over globalisation Essay
Currently in international circles there is a great debate over globalisation and whether it is a force for good or bad. The statement oversimplifies the matter, of course. But the issue of globalisation and our collective response to it promises to define who prospers and who does not well into the 21st century. Globalisation has positive and negative aspects. On top of its positive aspects comes the tremendous development of new information and communication technology, triggers in economic growth through increased trade and job creation around the world. This economical growth can be illustrated by the fact that the world real GDP grew from US$2 trillion to US$28 trillion, which means an increase of 1400%. On a per capita basis, this means an increase of US$614 to US$4908, an increase of about 800%. The quality of life in developed countries has increased However, anti-globalisation supporters affirm that although there was an economical growth, this was not well distributed throu ghout society, and that over the past 150 years, the rich countries are developing at a faster rate than the poor countries, increasing the difference between them. This happens because dealing with globalisation in a capitalist society, there will always be winners and losers. The winners will be the nations which have more skill, technology, information, power and money, whilst the losers will be the poor countries, which export primarily goods and rely on the rich countries to obtain technology and manufactured goods. As a term, globalisation means different things to different people. To some, it is a purely economic trend, the result of the market system unleashed on a worldwide scale, a century-long process that has now been vastly accelerated by the fall of Communism and the relaxation of other restrictive economic practices. As has the impact and growth of globalisation changed, so has its meaning during the last decades. But what is certain is that globalisation is not something of today or yesterday. Among the so many given definitions, Martin Wolf defines globalisation as a â€Å"journey, but toward an unreachable destination, the globalised world. A globalised economy in which, neither distance nor national borders impede economic transactions. A world where the cost of transport and communication were zero and the barriers created by differing national jurisdictions had vanished†. (Wolf, 2001: 178). But globalisation is a very wide notion, which embraces the social, cultural, and political interdependency of states. Globalisation refers also to the integration and interaction between different people and nations. Take the European Union as an example, where the member states share the same democratic values and norms, or the convergence and similarities of the constitutions of the member states, which could lead to a European law or constitution. To others, it defines the ever widening process of international interchange and interconnection that can be witnessed in so many aspects of life, whether the casual observation that top musical artists draw increasingly on other cultures for their melodies and rhythms, the news that former enemies are now participating in joint peacekeeping missions, or the realisation that there are suddenly many more foreign faces and accents in your hometown than before. No matter what the definition, globalisation is dynamic and real, causing numerous and often radical changes in all but the most remote places. Depending on your point of view, circumstance and prospects, the process can be seen as hugely positive or grossly negative. Those who defend globalisation say it is bringing prosperity to untold millions around the world, breaking down national and cultural barriers, and helping to speed the general process of peace-building. Critics say that the chaotic manner in which market forces have scaled up to the global level has unleashed a destructive whirlwind that treats workers callously, serves too often to further impoverish the poor at the expense of the rich, and wreaks vast amounts of environmental destruction. They say that its side effects are equally horrific, ranging from the spread of AIDS and drug abuse to the creation of a world monoculture that destroys local traditions and squelches diversity. At the 1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, nations of the world took note of this dualism: â€Å"Globalization, which is a consequence of increased human mobility, enhanced communications, greatly increased trade and capital flows, and technological developments, opens new opportunities for sustained economic growth and development of the world economy, particularly in developing countries. Globalization also permits countries to share experiences and to learn from one another’s achievements and difficulties, and promotes a cross-fertilization of ideals, cultural values and aspirations. At the same time, the rapid processes of change and adjustment have been accompanied by intensified poverty, unemployment and social disintegration. Threats to human well-being, such as environmental risks, have also been globalized.†Inasmuch as the pain caused by some aspects of globalisation is undeniable, the real issue is whether the negative effects of its sweeping processes can be ameliorated and the positive effects enhanced. Because in the opinions of some, the forward march of globalisation is unstoppable. The notion concept of sovereignty refers to the three-fold capacity of a state, which is the â€Å"absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory, absolute right to govern its people, and freedom from any external interference in the above matters†(Wang, 2004: 473). So a state is sovereign if it has the ability to make and implement laws within its territory, and can function without any external power and assistance, and doesn’t acknowledges any higher authority above itself in the world of independent states. From the above definition one can draw the conclusion that either a stat e can be sovereign or not, since sovereignty is defined as the absolute supremacy and right of the government in a given state. A realist like Steven D.Krasner agrees on the collapsing autonomy of states but deny the impact of globalisation on nation state, which could possibly lead to the death of state sovereignty. He argues, â€Å"Those who proclaim the death of sovereignty misread the history. The nation state has a keen instinct for survival and has so far adapted to new challenges, even the challenge of globalization†(Krasner, 2001: 20). He also argues that globalisation is not a new challenge or phenomena. Viewed from a criminological point, â€Å"the perceived normality of high crime rates, together with thee widely acknowledged limitations of criminal justice agencies, have begun to erode one of the foundational myths of modern societies: namely, the myth that the sovereign state is capable of providing security, law and order, crime control within its territorial boundaries†(Garland, 1996: 448). The notion of legitimate organized violence monopoly, which is of great importance for the internal order as well as for the foreign accountability of a state, is challenged by the international criminality. Since states cannot provide security for their citizens and are not capa ble of guaranteeing internal order, one of the fundamental elements of state sovereignty is undermined and questioned. The negative effects of globalisation can be softened only through new and higher levels of international cooperation and consultation, filtered through a new system of moral values that puts human welfare and social justice ahead of the predominantly materialistic paradigm currently in vogue. Call this global governance. Call it world government. But one way or the other, the forces of globalisation will require the creation of some sort of international super authority, one that can ensure that human rights and workers’ prerogatives are upheld, and that the environment is protected, as globalisation proceeds. Another factor that is observed is that the number of poor people (people living with less than US$1 per day) has increased, and reached almost 1.2 billion people, which is almost one fifth of the world’s total population. This is partly caused by the increase in global population, but also due to the distribution of the money. The ratio of income between the wor lds twenty percent richest and twenty percent poorest has increased from 30:1 to 78:1. Many people also question the issue of globalisation creating more jobs when multinationals establish new factories in foreign countries. Their argument is that although more jobs are created, and that this reduces the unemployment, these jobs don’t require any skill and workers have very bad working conditions, working long hours and receiving little money. And as the workers have no other working options, and working in these factories is their only source of income, they can’t do anything else, but work to try to survive. Besides this, the unemployment levels are very high, which means that there is always someone available to substitute workers that aren’t happy with what they are being offered. These facts make us think in a way of making globalisation fairer, and giving developing countries the chance of benefiting more from it. So that this can happen, there are many things that need to be changed. First of all the development needs to be more focused on the people, and not only in financial reasons. Fairer rules and deeper partnerships should be done between developed and developing countries so they can have a mutually beneficial relationship. Also one of the most important things to ensure that nations can benefit the most from globalisation is that a powerful, democratic and more effective UN helps to control the spread and paths of globalisation. From this we can conclude that globalisation is one of the most important factors of the new century, and that it will continue spreading and growing all around the world, reaching the furthest corners of the planet. The question of whether it is good or bad can never be answered completely, and there isn’t a right or wrong answer, because there will always be good and bad sides to it. At present globalisation seems to be beneficial for some and detrimental to others. For globalisation to be beneficial to the majority depends on how it is treated and controlled. Globalisation could be very beneficial to society as a whole if managed correctly.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Supporting Teaching Learning in Schools Certificate...
SUPPORTING TEACHING AND LEARNING IN SCHOOLS CERTIFICATE COURSE QUESTIONS ON UNIT ONE 1. 1. OUTLINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEQUENCE AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT. WHY MIGHT CHILDREN DEVELOP AT DIFFERENT RATES IN DIFFERENT AREAS? Sequence of development: the usual order in which development occurs. Ie. A baby’s physical development may begin with rolling over, then sitting up, crawling and then walking, whereas another baby may sit up, followed by walking but never actually crawls. Even though an element may be missed the development still proceeds in what is viewed as an expected pattern. Rate of development: the usual time frame in which development takes place. Ie. Where one baby may achieve walking unaided at 10 months, another may achieve†¦show more content†¦Other children with mild learning disability can grow up to be independent. Also, a child can have a specific learning difficulty in reading, writing or understanding what is said to them, but have no problem with learning skills in other areas of life. A child who has learning difficulties should be encouraged to develop in all areas to the best of their ability and as much as they can. Health If a child suffers from poor health or a physical disability or impairment, this may affect their developmental opportunities. For example, a child who has a medical condition or impairment may be less able to participate in some activities than other children. This may initially affect physical development, but may also restrict social activities, for example, on the playground. The child’s emotional development may also be affected, depending on their awareness of their needs and the extent to which they are affected. External Factors: Poverty and deprivation: Poverty and deprivation are likely to have a significant effect on pupil development. Statistics show that children who come from deprived backgrounds are less likely to thrive and achieve well in school, as parents will find it more difficult to manage their children’s needs, which will in turn impact on all areas of their development. These will all affect the way in which pupils are able to respond to different situations. Looked after/care statu s: If a child is lookedShow MoreRelatedThesis: formative Assessment7006 Words  | 29 Pagesï » ¿ LEARNING ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES FIELD STUDY 3 A STUDENT PORTFOLIO ______________________________________________________ PRESENTED to COLLEGE OF EDUCATION JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY THE PREMIER STATE IN ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE DIPOLOG CAMPUS, DIPOLOG CITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE FIELD STUDY 5 BY: MARY JANE C. ROJAS OCTOBER, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. 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Thursday, December 26, 2019
Big Brother Era - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1179 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? Would you want to live in an era where you have no privacy, truth, or friendships? This is the way things are in 1984; there are cameras keeping an eye on you and the truth is turned into lies everywhere. Then there is the thing about relationships, sex, and emotion. In George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, we can infer, Winston, is longing for the past due to the dreams and thoughts he has of the past, the privacy and emotion that the government constricts him of, and the want of trust and love. Winston is an emotional person who would like to describe how he feels about things. The newspeak that they use in 1984 constrains him from letting out his emotions. During his affair with Julia, the most emotional thing he can say to her is I Love You. Winston states that, [his mothers death] had been tragic and sorrowful in a way that was no longer possible(Orwell 30). In Winstons present, there is no way to feel that kind of emotion due to the government taking it away from them with newspeak. Winston wants privacy. During the time that he is living in, there is almost no such thing as privacy. A telescreen is in all rooms, even in the bathrooms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Big Brother Era" essay for you Create order The emotion and the privacy that the government takes away from them are very important to Winston. Orwell stated Winston and Julia come to a rude awakening when it turns out that their rented room has a hidden telescreen that has surveyed them for their entire affair. (Orwell 221) Even when Winston thinks that he is safe without anybody watching him, it turns out there is. Many times in the book the words Big Brother is Watching You appear. This is a reminder to the people that they can never escape from Big Brother. He has eyes everywhere. The privacy that big brother steals from them is one reason that Winston writes DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER in his journal. In the past, there would have been a government that lets them have their privacy. This is a large reason why Winston longs for the past instead of his current state. Winston has many dreams of the golden country. A land where he is free, happy, and off the map. The main difference in the golden country and the airstrip one is the restaining government and the population. This dream happens on page 29-31, In his walking thoughts he called it the golden country. Golden has the definition of a high degree of excellence. This means that the golden country where Winston is free as a bird is excellent to him compared to the confined big brother era, where he is held under tight constrictions. Orwell shows us Winstons thoughts, the instinctive feeling that the conditions you live in are intolerable and that at some other time they must have been different. (Orwell 73) Winston describes his living conditions as intolerable and states that at some time life had to be better. Using the word that makes the statement past tense which channels us to the conclusion that Winston believes that the past was better than the present in which he lives in. There is a lso the evidence to the ancient time, to a time when there were still privacy, love, and friendship. (Orwell 30) His dream of the golden country starts out with his mother and sister. He explains how he misses them very much; his mothers death had been tragic and sorrowful he was to love her in return. (Orwell 30) The word mother has a connotation with care and affection. Winston loves his mom and wishes that he was still with her; in the past. Winston gowns more in-depth on the fun he has with his mom, Soon he was wildly excited and shouting with laughter ¦ For a whole afternoon, they had all been happy together. (295-296) This goes on to show that in the past, Winston, had been happy with the friendship, love, family, and privacy he once had. In the book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud states Dreams have significance(Freud 8). This proves that the dreams were special. There are many good things that Winston receives in his present. These include a good paying job from the government, a house, and his favorite cafe that he visits often. The overall simplicity of life for Winston is good, too. He does very little work, only attending work a few times a week. Winston states perhaps twice a week he went to the ministry of truth and did a little work. (Orwell 294) So, now life is very simple for Winston. He goes to work very little, and sets in the cafe drinking gin and watching the news for most of his time. The simplicity of life for Winston is good. In the past, he would have to work more; but, there would be an overpowering number of advantages to living in the past. Humans are extremely complex creatures with many wants. Some of those wants are love and trust. In 1984, it is against the law for him to know the truth, everything is a lie. Winston works in the ministry of truth changing the truth into lies. This tells us that almost everything he hears is a lie. This means that he cant trust anyone or have the friendships that he wants. Winston thinks a man and a woman with no clothes on, making love surely there could have been a time when that seemed ordinary. (Orwell 143) This explains to us that Winston believes that in the past, things would be happier for him. In the big brother era, there are laws against sex or relationships. Winston wants to live in a time where he can freely do these things. Dopamine and testosterone are vital parts of the human body. One of their main purposes is to help the reproduction process or the desire for sex. On page 88 of the book The New Psychology of Love, it states individuals feel sexual desire, (Robert 88). Humans have sexual desire, but big brother has laws set and Winston is not to exercise these desires. Therefore, Winston would rather live in the past where he can enjoy this activity freely. Julia states When you make love, youre using up energy and afterward you feel happy They cant bear you to feel like that. (Orwell 156) Julia says that when you have sex it uses the energy that the party wants you to use for them; this is one reason why the party made laws against sex. After learning this, would you agree with Winston, and want to live in the past, or have to deal with big brother? In George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, we have learned that Winston is longing for the past due to the dreams and thoughts he has of the past, the privacy and emotion that the government constricts him of, and the want of trust and love for which he has. Privacy, embracing emotions, and the freedoms of the past are much-preferred than the enslaved present that Winston lives in .
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
His Chains Are Gone Jim s Been Set Free - 950 Words
David Tripp Dr. Smith English 2 November 2015 His Chains Are Gone: Jim’s Been Set Free? The latter part of the nineteenth century saw civil war and the end of slavery in the United States. The post-Reconstruction years have been romanticized and popularized in the literary world and a nostalgic obsession followed those years of mayhem and political turmoil. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is one novel that has continued to make its literary mark, always controversial, to the curiosity of pre-civil war years of slavery in the South. Huckleberry Finn is an excellent study on Jim’s treatment as a commentary of post-Reconstruction life for African Americans. Reconstruction programs failed to give economic and legal†¦show more content†¦To understand the treatment of Jim, an understanding of white mentality must first be examined. Though blacks had been granted citizenship in 1870, southern white society still looked upon them as less than human without souls or feelings. Twain gives this popular opinion to the character of Huck before â€Å"the evasion†when he illustrates Huck describing Jim â€Å"He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn’t ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe was cared just as much for his people as white folks does for their’n. I don’t seem natural but I reckon it’s so,†(Twain 199). By chapter thirty-two, it is expressed again by Aunt Sally during her conversation with Huck upon meeting: â€Å"It warn’t the groundingâ€â€that didn’t keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinder-head.†â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt?†â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger.†â€Å"Well, it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt,†(Twain 238) David L. Smith in his essay states â€Å"Huck has never met Aunt Sally prior to this scene, and in spinning a lie which this stranger will find unobjectionable, he correctly assumes that the common notion of Negro sub-humanity will be appropriate . . . intended to exploit Aunt Sally’s attitudes . . . A nigger, Aunt Sally confirms, is not a person,†(Smith 290-291). These passages reflect the view many held of
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Kelo vs. City of New London free essay sample
The plan consisted of removing homes to build a new development in order to create jobs, increase tax revenue, and better allow for the city to capitalize on the plans of the major pharmaceutical company Pfizer which had already planned to build a large facility close by. Of the 115 homes, some homeowners, including Susette Kelo, refused to sell and filed suit stating that the removal of their homes violated the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause. New London exercised eminent domain stating the public use stipulation.Ethical Facts: The right to life, liberty, and property could be construed as being violated should a government acquire land in order to increase tax revenue and build improved economic conditions. When looking at the ethical issues of Kelo v. City of New London, John Locke’s â€Å"Lockean Rights†come into question. Business ethics are in question when private land is being acquired only to be given to another private individual(s). Legal Analysis Issues Listing: The Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause states that eminent domain must be used with â€Å"just compensation†and that States have the power of eminent domain should the land acquired be used for a meaningful public use. -The question at hand in center of suit is whether or not public purpose could be construed as public use without violating the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause. Under the public use requirement, the government cannot simply take property from one private party and give ownership to another private party. Application of law/legal principles to the case facts:Eminent Domain is the appropriation of a citizen’s private property, usually land, without the consent of that citizen. Eminent Domain is only to be used when land is seized for government use such as highways, military bases, and public utilities; or when the government delegates such land to a third party to be developed and used for public use. The last clause of the Fifth Amendment is the Takings Clause which limits the power of eminent domain use to give just compensation when property is taken for public use.Since the Takings Clause has been incorporated within the Fourteenth Amendment, it applies to all stat es. As stated in Mallor, pp 84-85, four aspects of the Takings Clause are: -Property. The Takings Clause protects other property interests besides land and interests in land. The clause has been held to take personal property, liens, trade secrets, and contract rights. Mallor p. 84 -Taking. The taking clause has a wide range of application due to the government activities included in considered takings.Among the factors courts consider in such ‘regulatory taking’ cases are the degree to which government deprives the owner of free possession, use, and disposition of his property; the overall economic impact of the regulation on the owner; and how much the regulation interferes with the owner’s reasonable investment-backed expectations regarding the future use of the property. Mallor p. 84 -Public use. Once a taking of property has occurred, it is unconstitutional unless it is for public use. Mallor p. 85 -Just compensation.Even if a taking of property is for a public use, it still is unconstitutional if the property owner does not receive just compensation. Although the standards for determining just compensation vary with the circumstances, the basic test is the far market value of the property at the time of the taking. Mallor p. 85. The dispute between Kelo and the City of New London was predicated upon the fact that New London was not acquiring land for public purpose since the land was going to be re-developed for economic purposes. In the Kelo case, Legal Reasoning was prevalent in application of law to the outcome of the decision.Justice Stevens followed the guidelines that it was the courts duty to determine the wisdom of the government’s attempt to exercise eminent domain, and that the court should not allow its decision to be deviated by the hardship that one might incur when unwillingly relinquishing their home or property. The large media influence on the Kelo strengthened the importance of Legal Reasoning even more. The court found it necessary to remove all emotions involved in listening about an individual that was about to lose the home that they had lived in their entire life and make a decision that would be for the better good of the people.In addition, Case Law Reasoning was used to determine the outcome. Case Law Reasoning is when courts take prior cases, also known as precedents, and apply these cases to guide in the decision making processes. This application of taking prior cases to assist in the conclusion of current cases is known as stare decisis. Because case facts often vary, several cases are usually brought up to expand and make it possible to have a factual determination. In addition, several cases are brought up because moral ideas and the acceptance of such will change over time.Having several cases allows one to make a distinction of each one and bring that distinction over to the current case at hand to assist in making an educated decision. The Kelo majority stressed the relevance of two earlier cases that were closely scrutinized when making a determination on New London’s eminent domain exercise. Those cases included Berman v. Parker; 348 U. S. 26 (1954), and Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff, 467 U. S. 299 (1984). The Berman v. Parker case was used as both an example and grounds of decision making for several reasons.This case, much opposite of the Kelo case, involved taking properties from both businesses and individuals for public use. Washington D. C used eminent domain to create over 5,000 low-income housing projects, new streets, schools, and new public facilities; all of which was for improved public use. In the case of Kelo, eminent domain was being used along the same lines but rather taking private property from individuals to build structures that would create more jobs, increased tax revenue, and new businesses. Both cases could be argued that they would lead to public benefit.The Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff case was also used as a similarity to the Kelo case. The courts upheld that Hawaii’s long standing land oligopoly had to be broken up for economic benefit. Hawaii used eminent domain to remove a large amount of land owned by a concentrated group of land owners and redistributed this land to a broader group of private residents. In both cases, there were large implications of public purposes prevalent and closely parallel to the matters at hand in the Kelo case. This is an example of how Case Law Reasoning was used when determining the outcome of Kelo v.City of New London. Ethical Analysis Issues listing: -Is an ethically sound decision being made when taking one’s home and property away to benefit other private organizations and other people’s well being? -Is the Rights Theory not being advised? Are the rights to life, liberty, and property being taken away? -Is using Eminent Domain for the sole purpose of economic gain a violation of Business Ethics? Th e court in the Kelo case was faced with making a legal determination based upon the laws at hand without letting emotions or personal opinions get in the way. However, ethics did come into play and cannot be ignored when faced with a case of this nature. The Rights Theory focuses primarily on a certain individual(s) rights to life. The strength of the rights theory is that one’s fundamental rights will be protected unless a greater right were to take precedence over that individual’s. Knowing that one has rights allows for the freedom to live without the fear that government or other large members of their society will overtake your rights.The concern of the rights theory is that it is difficult to draw the line of what rights are within value and what rights are out of the spectrum of the realm. For instance, in the Kelo case, some might argue that the right to maintain your own home and not have it removed should take precedence over any other cause while another can argue that 10 individual property owners rights do not take precedence when several hundred if not thousands of individuals will gain more rights by the remova l of those 10 properties.Another ethical theory involved in the Kelo case would be that of the Justice Theory in which the philosophical principle is embraced for governments to redistribute wealth in order to assist the poor. The strength of this theory is best applied in the business sense, making certain that decision making involves answering the question â€Å"are people getting what they deserve†? It is also strong in the sense that those that are with the least advantages are not trumped upon. The concern of the Justice Theory is equality. â€Å"It treats equality as an absolute, without examining the costs of producing quality, including reduced incentives for innovation, entrepreneurship, and production. Moreover, any attempt to rearrange social benefits requires an accurate measurement of current wealth. †Mallor pp. 95-96. In the Kelo case, the justice theory could be construed as applicable in the sense that the individuals losing their house were doing so for a growth of business while others can argue that the loss of property will bring more equality to the population as a whole by allowing for more opportunities. Utilitarianism would be an ethical parallel closely related to the Kelo case.Utilitarianism takes a decision maker to achieve the highest level of satisfaction for society as a whole. The use of utilitarianism requires the decision maker to weigh the benefits and costs of their actions to everyone in society and thus make a decision predicated on the overall society as a whole. In the Kelo case, it is easily argued that the decision to take property from a small number of individuals would greatly benefit the society as a whole. The courts had to utilize this ethical theory to some extent when making a decision based on the legal ramifications.To the same extent that utilitarianism might harm an individual for the greater good of the society, the decision maker in a utilitarianism environment would also cause harm to themselves if it were for the greater good of society. This can be relayed in the sense of government taking on a burden whether financial or such to benefit the societ y under such government. While easy to determine the strengths of utilitarianism in the Kelo case, (economic society will substantiate a gain through the loss of a smaller number of individual’s homes) it should also be noted that there are weaknesses in this theory as well.While making a decision on the basis of society, it is difficult to measure the extent of pain, suffering, and sacrifices involved to those that are negatively affected for the greater good of society. Once again, the Kelo case is an example of individual(s) that lived their entire 70 years of life in one home no longer having that property to call home. While ethics comes into play with all legal decisions, the Kelo case had several difficult ethical dilemmas at hand. As a result of being decided in the Supreme Court, utilitarianism would be the most dominant of ethical theories utilized in the decision of the Kelo answer.Making a decision to take property from those involved would, in the long run, be of greater economic to soci ety as a whole. The welfare of the population of New London had to be taken into consideration and over-take any emotional connections. While losing property may yield ramifications of emotional distraught to those involved, the decision was not carried out without just compensation for the property being taken. In addition, in a moral aspect, the plaintiffs in the Kelo case were not being left on the street without shelter.In conclusion, the Kelo case is a great example of how to use Legal Reasoning and Case Law Reasoning to argue current cases. Being able to bring up past legal decisions enables those involved to have a clearer understanding of the matter at hand and see it from different aspects. In addition to the legal aspect of the Kelo case, it was an excellent example of how there is immense difficulty when placing ethics as a decision maker in a court of law. Ethical reasoning is morally based and will vary greatly from each individual based on how they were raised and what moral compass they follow.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
The Achievement of Millennium Development Goals in India
Abstract India has surpassed many countries in the realization of the MDGs. It is among the countries that have met a number of set targets. This essay will examine India’s achievement of the MDGs. The progress of MDG markers will be discussed in relation to the stipulated target values. The problems associated with the achievement of these goals will also be discussed and solutions to the problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Achievement of Millennium Development Goals in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The millennium pronouncement, made during the United Nations assembly in the early 2000, incorporated eight aspirations commonly known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs (Government of India, 2013, p. 6). Eighteen objectives were set as yardsticks for measuring the eight Millennium Development Goals. Out of the eighteen objectives, twelve are applicable to India. There ar e 53 markers for measuring the country’s progress towards the realization of the MDGs (UNESCAP, 2015, p. 4). While the goals are broad in nature, the objective are more particular and are described in actual terms (Government of India, 2013, p. 8). The essay will only focus on 4 MDGs, namely: hunger and poverty alleviation, universal primary education, gender equity and women empowerment, environmental sustainability and global partnerships for development. The essay will analyze the country’s achievement of MDGs based on the updated data sets. The progress of MDG markers will be discussed in relation to the stipulated target values. The problems associated with the achievement of these goals will also be discussed and solutions to the problems. Significance of the selected goals The selected goals provide a blueprint for strategizing intercession programs and yardsticks to monitor progress in improving the lot of humanity and poverty alleviation. They also help in eli minating any form of deprivation and conservation of environmental resources. In addition, global partnership plays a crucial role in exchange of ideas, opening new opportunities and general economic growth. Progress of the selected goals The country has so far managed to reduce poverty level by half. The Poverty Head Count Ratio (PHCR) is currently at 20.74 percent against the target of 23.9 percent. Likewise, the country has managed to reduce the number of people suffering from food shortage by 50 percent. Figure 1: Poverty Head Count Ratio in IndiaAdvertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: UNESCAP (2015, p. 13). Universal primary education has already been realized. The overall enrollment rate is about 99.89 percent. The Apparent survival Rate, which is the proportion of students who finish primary education, is around 90 percent (UNESCAP, 2015, p. 14). The country is also m aking great strides in eliminating gender disparity, particularly in the educational sector.\ Gender Parity Index in primary education has already been achieved. The proportion of women employed in the non – agricultural sector is about 20 percent. This figure is expected to reach 23.1 percent by the end of the year against the target of 50 percent. Similarly, the percentage of women holding elective seats is about 12 percent against the target of 50 percent in 2015. Figure 2: Gender Parity Index Source: Government of India (2015, p. 16) India has been able to integrate the values of sustainable development into its laws and programs. This is aimed at preventing the destruction of natural ecosystems. The country’s forest cover has increased by roughly 1150 sq. km. The protected areas cover about 5 percent of the total land area.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Achievement of Millennium Development Goals in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The percentage of households without access to clean water and sanitation has decreased to 17 percent against the target of 20 percent by 2015. On the other hand, the proportion of households without sanitation facility has declined to 43 percent by 2015 against the target of 5 percent (UNESCAP, 2015, p. 12). Last but not least, India’s cooperation with global partners has vastly improved, particularly in the private sector. This has been enhanced by the information and communication technologies. Nevertheless, overall tendency, which is the number of foreign phone calls per 1000 people, has declined since 2011 after a considerable progress (UNESCAP, 2015, p. 15). Figure 3: Overall tendency Source: UNESCAP (2015, p. 23). Problems associated with the realization of the selected goals One of the greatest challenges associated with the fight against hunger is overreliance on food imports. The country still lacks self sufficie ncy in the production of food. Despite increasing the area under paddy rice by nearly 20 percent, the self sufficiency level is still around 68.2, which is way below the target of 70 percent. It should be noted that rice is a staple food in India and, therefore, can be used to benchmark the aggregate food production in the country (Government of India, 2015, p. 20). The universal primary education has led to congestion in schools and shortage of teachers due to abnormal enrollment. The student to teacher ratio is way below the conventional standard. In addition, the government has been forced to borrow more funds in order to meet the selected goals. This has put the country at a huge risk (UNESCAP, 2015, p. 14). Recommendations The government can overcome the problem of overreliance on food imports by increasing the area under food crops, providing subsidized agricultural inputs and embracing new farming technologies. Teacher to student ratio can be enhanced by employing more teache rs and building more schools. The huge amount of debts can also be avoided by setting realistic targets.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Self-sufficiency in food production is very important since over-reliance on food imports puts the country at a huge risk in terms of sovereignity and overdependence on other countries for key food commodities. In addition, inadequate education facilities and low teacher to student ratio can compromise the quality of education. Therefore, they are very crucial. Lastly, setting unrealistic targets can create imaginary failures, which can put a country under enormous pressure. References Government of India. (2013). Towards Achieving Millennium Development Goals in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Government of India. (2015). Millennium Development Goals: India Country Report. New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. UNESCAP. (2015). India and thee MDGs: Towards a Sustainable Future for ALL. New Delhi and New York: UN Publications. This essay on The Achievement of Millennium Development Goals in India was written and submitted by user Natasha M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
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